I use the rubber sided thimble from Clover (They come in 3 sizes,a different color for each size. I use small which is orange). I use it on my top hand and it really helps to pull that needle through. I have arthritis in my hands and don't have the pulling power anymore. It will help with your thumb problem even though it is on your thimble finger.

I always keep a small piece of the non-skid shelving near by. Another thing that works is if you have any of the self-adhering bandages (like the ace), you can cut a small piece of it and wrap around your thumb. That is if you have any around the house. But I use them both if I need a good grip on very small items.

I took an old pair of leather workgloves and cut off the fingertips. I use it to push and pull the needle thru when I am sewing on Scout badges on my DS uniform.

I would search out a different needle. Perhaps that is quite a thick shank?

I am a prolific hand quilter. I prefer the tan leather thimbles and I use both hands. I cut the skirt short on one of the thimbles and use it on my opposite thumb. When working on a large frame or even a large hoop I quilt with both hands.