I would say "Yes" and I see that a few gals here had ideas similar to mine using the whole cloth & applique approach.
I had a few more ideas after examining the picture for a few minutes. First, it's fairly symetrical (left side vs right side) so you could probably get away with elarging only 1/2 the design and duplicating that. The band of black and white doesn't switch sides however, so you would want to change that order on the duplicated side. Second, the upper and lower hemispheres are also quite symetrical, so it's possible you could get away with enlarging only 1/4 of the design and duplicate from there.
One final observation - it's hard to tell but is there some slight shading behind the axis that helps create the illusion? If so you may need to find a way to duplicate this with markers or ink or a mist so the illusion becomes complete. Also, are the oranges on the axis a tad less vibrant than the outer dots?