It's likely the "dust" being referred to is "house dust" which is made up of many things including skin cells, dander, pollens, mites, etc. etc.
Cotton fabrics for your quilting should not bother you -- this from a 'same diagnosis patient' with a DD with the same diagnosis -- because you can wash these fabrics easily. Wash them as soon as you buy them. Store in closed containers or behind well-closed closet doors, with lavendar buds and cedar chips sewn into a little muslin bag in each container or shelf. Wash your quilts after you've made them. Keep them covered or wrapped in plastic between uses. (Plastic is NOT the best from a preservation point of view, but here we are discussing YOUR preservation!)
If you are "allergic to everything", try to arrange to have your sewing space flooring of linoleum or hardwood so that it can be vacuumed, swept regularly, or damp mopped to pick up the lint and threads that collect from the craft. Use a Dustbuster to keep your cutting and sewing surface as free of lint/dust as possible.
As I am also allergic, I find that polyesters and other synthetics are horrible for me because I am sensitive to petroleum products as well. I live on an antihistamine such as Claritin or generic or Zyrtec or generic, started this when I owned the quilt store and was told by my specialist in Dallas that it would NOT hurt me. I trade off between the two.
NEVER give up your "good" fabrics for something like allergies to dust! Do whatever you can to stand against the threat of something so awful!! Never!
Best to you,
Jan in VA