1. "what resources can I go to so I can put together a quilt with a variety of pleasing colors"
Look around your home to see colors you like together. Do you have a favorite floral blouse or dress? A favorite flower? I find color inspiration everywhere, even on things like tissue boxes and wallpaper.
2. "how long does it take you from start to finish"
Well, it depends on the size, scope, and complexity of the piece. I've finished table runners, baby quilts, and wall hangings in a couple days. I've spent years sewing and quilting bed quilts.
3 "what are some patterns that can go together much quicker to give a sense of getting something done in between making a more complicated quilt"
Rail fence is quick. Fourpatch is quick. Chinese coins, 9patch, shoofly--- ah, there are many many easy and fast patterns. Have fun with it. Don't obsess over the time it takes.