I love the variety of answers you are getting! Some are from experienced teachers, some are from brand new quilters, some are even new at sewing altogether.
I see the recommendations for 9 patch and Take 5, etc. and I do not know what those are, so maybe a beginner quilting class can also show the different types of patterns/blocks.
I made a sampler quilt for my first quilting class. It is hanging over my bed, and it was fun, but I don't think I could name the different types of blocks in it.
:-)
Btw, I took that quilt to another class about machine binding. That teacher was great about helping make sure I understood and finished the binding!