Sounds like you received a very thorough cleaning. That's a good thing, but so sorry you're feeling it. The pain and sensitivity should go away in the next day or so. Ask your dentist about sensitive teeth toothpastes and/or fluoride rinses. I think they take some time to work but maybe by your next cleaning... If not, mention your discomfort to your dentist. You may need some topical numbing or even a few little shots before a cleaning and some pain medication afterward.
Hope you feel better soon.