It is possible for a batting to beard. Bearding is when the batting pokes its way through the fabric fibers. It's possible that when you use the sticky rollers, they are not only removing the lint on top of the fabric but also pulling more lint through from the batting. This can happen if the fabric fibers are relatively far apart. Bearding normally affects quilts *after* quilting, not before, but the stickiness of the paper could be a problem
Did you by any chance not prewash the black fabric? If this is the case, I am thinking that any bearding that is occurring will stop when you wash the quilt, because washing and drying tends to tighten up looser fabric weaves.
What brand of black fabric did you use? Some brands may tighten up more than others when washed.
I am thinking most of the lint is actually on top of the fabric. However, with the degree of difficulty you are encountering removing the lint, my suspicion is that some bearding is taking place with the sticky rollers.
Your only choices at this point are (1) continue on and trust that the fabric will tighten up enough in the wash to stop any bearding, or (2) take the sandwich apart, clean off the top with lint rollers (without batting underneath to beard through), and then re-sandwich with a different batting.
Most cotton battings never beard. Once a quilt starts bearding (after being quilted), it never stops. Pulling out some fibers from the top simply pulls additional fibers through the fabric. The only "fix" for a bearding quilt is to use a device such as a trimmer for pills on a sweater, going over the entire quilt and cut off the batting fibers at the surface.
Here is a FAQ that talks about different batting types and bearding:
http://www.masterstech-home.com/The_...attingFAQ.html
Theoretically, your Fairfield 80/20 should be 100% bonded (look on the package) which should reduce bearding.
My thought is to take a very close look at the black sashing to see if fibers are being pulled through from the batting (rather than just lint lying on top of the fabric).
If you want to be really sure about the possibility of bearding before quilting this quilt, I would recommend taking some black sashing fabric scraps and making a test quilt sandwich with that batting. Maybe a 12" square. Bind or serge the edges when finished so batting cannot escape out the sides. Then wash and dry the sample and see if bearding occurs. It's the only way to be sure.