if the top thread is looping on the bottom, or if the bottom thread "just lays there" as you described, then you need to adjust the top tension.
if the reverse is true, the tension problem is on the bottom.
don't fiddle with the bobbin case tension unless the problem occurs all the time.
many times, when the tension seems to be off on the bottom, the real culprit is either needle size, or incompatible threads in top and bottom. (e.g. top thread is heavy weight or stiff, bottom is light. the bottom thread might not pull the top to the back.)
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