I did something like this recently. Someone on another forum posted a project of "reverse redwork," where she stitched white on red. She said she traced on the back of the red fabric, although it was hard to see through the fabric to trace.
I looked into various types of fusible and dissolvable papers, but many are thick and hard to stitch through, as they can get the needle gummy. Finally, I bought the lightest apparel interfacing I could find, trace the pattern on it, then ironed it all over the back of the fabric I was using. I was planning to guide my stitches from the back by following the pattern, but could actually see through the red just enough to follow the pattern from the front. I think it might work on black fabric, too. I traced with a thin Sharpie pen, but actually I could have used a darker line, since it doesn't show through the dark fabric.
Hope this helps!