Color catchers were manufactured for ordinary household laundry, not the massive amounts of industrial dye that some quilting fabric retains. So sorry to hear of your troubles. Even if you have dried the quilt, you can still attempt to remove the dye, the worst thing that can happen is it doesn't work. However, instead of the color catchers, try this method. This is how a hand-dyer removes excess dye from her fabrics.
Save my bleeding quilt by Vicki Welsh