So you mean as a theme for the year of guild activities? Many guilds I'm familiar with do have a theme for their yearly show and categories specifically for that theme, so quilters are working on projects for the show throughout the year. Typically also a group fundraiser quilt project too. I haven't seen it where every meeting had a direct connection to the theme but I guess it could be possible. I typically prefer large social guilds where there is a wide variety of interests, but I've known some very focused smaller groups that keep very tightly to whatever subject is their pursuit.
In my personal quilting, sometimes yes I do give myself particular themes/goals. I've been trying to work myself up to doing mostly quilting down for the next year and less piecing than I currently do. I have a lot of tops and a lot of ways to improve